Sun exposure, hormonal changes, and genetic factors can lead to a variety of skin problems. One of the most common among them is melasma. This condition is particularly frequent in women and is one of the most common dermatological concerns due to cosmetic reasons. So, what exactly is melasma, how does it occur, and how can it be treated?
What Is Melasma?
Melasma is a skin condition classified under “hyperpigmentation.” It appears as brown or gray-brown spots, especially on the cheeks, forehead, nose, and upper lip. The patches are usually symmetrical, which is a characteristic that helps with diagnosis.
The main cause of melasma is the excessive production of melanin pigment by melanocyte cells in the skin. This overproduction can be triggered by sun exposure, hormonal changes, or genetic predisposition.
Who Is More Likely to Develop Melasma?
Women (especially during pregnancy, where it is also known as the “pregnancy mask”)
Individuals with darker skin tones compared to lighter ones,
People with a family history of melasma,
Those using hormonal therapy or birth control pills,
People who are frequently exposed to intense sunlight,
Therefore, both genetic factors and environmental influences play a role in the development of melasma.
Symptoms of Melasma
Symmetrical brown patches on certain areas of the face,
A tendency to darken after sun exposure,
Usually no pain or itching,
A cosmetically disturbing appearance,
Although not harmful to overall health, the condition can negatively impact a person’s psychological well-being and appearance.
Treatment Methods for Melasma
Treating melasma requires patience and consistency. It is often not possible to achieve a permanent solution with a single method. Dermatologists usually recommend personalized combination treatment plans.
Sun Protection
The foundation of treatment is sun protection. Broad-spectrum, high-SPF sunscreens (SPF 30–50+) should be used daily. Products that protect against both UVA and UVB rays are preferred.
Topical Creams
Prescription creams can help reduce pigmentation, such as:
Hydroquinone-based creams,
Retinoic acid derivatives,
Corticosteroids,
Supportive agents like azelaic acid, kojic acid, or tranexamic acid. These must be used under medical supervision.
Chemical Peels: Peeling treatments that remove dead skin cells from the surface can help reduce pigmentation. Chemical peels containing glycolic acid or salicylic acid contribute to the lightening of spots.
Laser and Light Therapies: Q-Switch lasers, fractional lasers, or IPL (Intense Pulsed Light) therapies can be used in dermatology clinics for melasma treatment. However, they should always be performed under specialist supervision and chosen according to skin type and pigmentation structure.
Mesotherapy and PRP: In recent years, mesotherapy and PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) have become popular. Injecting special solutions or plasma derived from the patient’s own blood into the skin can stimulate regeneration and help reduce pigmentation.
Combination Treatments: The most effective results are usually achieved through a combination of methods. For example, topical creams supported by chemical peels or laser treatments often improve success rates.
Treatment is personalized; not every method works for everyone. Patience is essential; improvement may take weeks or months. Sun protection is especially important during summer. Consistency is critical for long-term success.
Melasma is not a life-threatening condition, but it can cause significant cosmetic concerns. With proper sun protection, dermatologist-recommended creams, and advanced dermatological treatments, melasma can be managed effectively. The most important step is accurate diagnosis and a personalized plan under the supervision of a qualified dermatologist.
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